During Jose Rizal’s lifetime (1861–1896), Philippine society was under Spanish colonial rule. Spanish control – Filipinos had little freedom; Spain controlled politics, religion, and education.Social classes – There was inequality. Spaniards and mestizos had privileges, while most native Filipinos (Indios) faced discrimination.Abuses of friars – The church had great power, often abusing authority in land ownership and governance.Rise of reform movement – Filipinos began demanding reforms, like equal rights, representation in government, and better education.National awakening – Rizal’s writings (Noli Me Tangere, El Filibusterismo) inspired Filipinos to fight for freedom and justice.In short, society was marked by oppression, inequality, and the growing desire for independence.