Mainland Origin Hypothesis (Bellwood)Originating in mainland Southeast Asia, rice-farming populations migrated southward, spreading Austronesian languages. Linguistic, archaeological, and genetic evidence supports this land-based dispersal. The theory emphasizes agriculture as the driving force behind cultural and linguistic expansion.Island Origin Hypothesis (Solheim)The Austronesian language arose from the islands of Southeast Asia, spread by seafaring traders. Maritime networks facilitated cultural exchange throughout the region. This perspective highlights trade and maritime technology as key factors.Shared Aspect (middle)Both hypotheses explain the Austronesian expansion throughout Southeast Asia using migration to spread language and culture.