Give 2 descriptions of how these philosophers define "self."1. Saint Augustine2. Rene Descartes3. John Locke4. David Hume5. Immanuel Kant6. Guilbert Ryle7. Paul Churchland8. Maurice Merleau-Ponty
Answer (1)
answer:1. Saint Augustine• Believed the self is immortal and spiritual, created by God.• The self finds truth and meaning through faith and introspection.2. René Descartes• “I think, therefore I am” – the self is a thinking mind distinct from the body.• Knowledge of the self comes from doubt and rational thinking.3. John Locke• The self is based on personal identity and consciousness over time.• Memory links past and present experiences to form the same self.4. David Hume• Denied a permanent self – the self is a bundle of perceptions.• We are just a collection of experiences with no fixed identity.5. Immanuel Kant• The self organizes experiences into a coherent consciousness.• The self exists as a rational being that acts according to moral law.6. Gilbert Ryle• Criticized the idea of a separate “mind” – the self is behavior and actions.• Called the mind–body separation a “category mistake.”7. Paul Churchland• The self is the brain and its neurobiological processes.•Mental states will eventually be explained fully by neuroscience.8. Maurice Merleau-Ponty• The self is embodied – we experience the world through our body.•Consciousness is always situated in a physical and social world.
