1. D. None of the aboveAll the options (like atmosphere, water, and sunlight—though not fully listed here) are needed for life. So, none of them is not essential — making D the correct answer.2. B. Intrusive Igneous Intrusive igneous rocks (like granite) cool slowly inside the Earth, which allows large crystals to form. This is different from extrusive igneous rocks that cool quickly and form small or no visible crystals.3. D. Crystalline Crystalline metamorphic rocks form mainly through heat, which causes minerals to recrystallize without melting. Foliated rocks are formed mostly due to pressure.