what are the 5 scientific models that explain the structure of the atom
Answer (1)
5 SCIENTIFIC MODEL'S 1. Dalton's Atomic Model (Early 1800s)Concept: Atoms are indivisible, indestructible spheres. Key Features:All matter is composed of extremely small particles called atoms.Atoms of a given element are identical in mass and properties.Atoms of different elements have different masses and properties.Atoms cannot be subdivided, created, or destroyed.Atoms combine in simple whole-number ratios to form compounds.In chemical reactions, atoms are combined, separated, or rearranged.2. Thomson's "Plum Pudding" Model (1904)Concept: The atom is a sphere of uniformly distributed positive charge with negatively charged electrons embedded within it, like plums in a pudding. Key Features:An atom is a positively charged sphere.Negatively charged electrons are embedded in this sphere.The total positive charge equals the total negative charge, making the atom electrically neutral.3. Rutherford's Nuclear Model (1911)Concept: The atom consists of a tiny, dense, positively charged nucleus at its center, with negatively charged electrons orbiting around it in a vast empty space. Key Features:Most of the atom is empty space.There is a small, dense, positively charged nucleus at the center of the atom.Electrons orbit the nucleus in circular paths, similar to planets orbiting the sun.The nucleus contains most of the atom's mass.4. Bohr's Atomic Model (1913)Concept: Electrons orbit the nucleus in specific, quantized energy levels or "shells," and they do not lose energy while in these stable orbits. Key Features:Electrons revolve around the nucleus in fixed, stable orbits called energy shells or energy levels.Each orbit has a definite energy associated with it.Electrons do not radiate energy while in these stable orbits.Electrons can jump from a lower energy level to a higher energy level by absorbing a specific amount of energy (a photon), or from a higher level to a lower level by emitting a specific amount of energy.5. Quantum Mechanical Model (Wave Mechanical Model) (Developed in the 1920s)Concept:Electrons do not orbit the nucleus in fixed paths but exist in specific regions of probability called "orbitals," which describe the likelihood of finding an electron in a given space. This model incorporates wave-particle duality and the uncertainty principle. Key Features:Electrons exhibit both wave-like and particle-like properties (wave-particle duality).The exact position and momentum of an electron cannot be known simultaneously (Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle).Electrons occupy three-dimensional regions called atomic orbitals, which represent the probability density of finding an electron.Electrons have quantized energy levels, described by a set of quantum numbers ($n, l, m_l, m_s$).The model uses mathematical equations (like Schrödinger's equation) to describe the behavior of electrons.[tex] \: [/tex]
