39. Trickle Down Economics 40. Iran-Contra Affair 41. League of Nations 42. Jacob Riis 43. Marbury v. Madison 44. McCulloch v. Maryland 45. Gibbons v. Ogden 46. Schenck v. US 47. Brown v. Board of Education 48. Mapp v. Ohio 49. Engel v. Vitale 50. Tinker v. Des Moines 51. 1st Amendment 52. 4th Amendment 53. 10th Amendment 54. 14th Amendment 55. 17th Amendment 56. 19th Amendment 57. 21st Amendment 58. 22nd Amendment 59. 1865 60. 1776 mm. An international organization formed
Answer (1)
39. Trickle Down Economics – the idea that if the government helps the wealthy—through tax cuts or other benefits—they will invest more money in businesses and create jobs. Supporters believe this wealth will eventually "trickle down" to help everyone else in the economy. Critics argue that it mostly benefits the rich and doesn't always reach the lower-income groups.40. Iran-Contra Affair – a major U.S. political scandål in the 1980s where officials secretly sold weapons to Iran, even though it was against U.S. policy. The money from the sales was then used to fund anti-communist rebels (called Contras) in Nicaragua. This was controversial because it violated U.S. laws and involved secret actions by the Reagan administration.41. League of Nations – an international group formed after World War I to help prevent future wars and resolve disputes peacefully. It was the first global effort to create peace through diplomacy, but it failed to stop the rise of aggressive nations in the 1930s. Eventually, it was replaced by the United Nations after World War II.42. Jacob Riis – a journalist and photographer in the late 1800s who used his work to show how poor people lived in New York City slums. His book How the Other Half Lives exposed terrible housing conditions and pushed for reforms in public health and housing. He is considered a pioneer of photojournalism and social activism.43. Marbury v. Madison – a Supreme Court case established the principle of judicial review, which means the court has the power to declare laws unconstitutional. It strengthened the role of the judiciary in balancing the powers of government. This case set a foundation for how the U.S. Constitution would be interpreted.44. McCulloch v. Maryland – in this case, the Supreme Court ruled that states cannot tax federal institutions, like the Bank of the United States. It confirmed that federal laws are stronger than state laws when they conflict. The decision also supported a broad interpretation of federal powers under the Constitution.45. Gibbons v. Ogden – this case gave the federal government the authority to regulate trade between states, known as interstate commerce. It helped establish that only Congress, not individual states, can control interstate business. The ruling expanded the federal government's economic power.46. Schenck v. US – this case ruled that the government can limit free speech if it presents a "clear and present danger" to public safety. It involved a man who was arrested for encouraging people to resist the military draft during World War I. The case showed how rights like free speech can be restricted during emergencies.47. Brown v. Board of Education – this landmark Supreme Court decision declared that racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional. It overturned the earlier “separate but equal” rule from Plessy v. Ferguson and became a major victory for the Civil Rights Movement. It led to the desegregation of schools across the U.S.48. Mapp v. Ohio – this case applied the exclusionary rule to state courts, meaning evidence obtained illegally by police cannot be used in court. It strengthened the Fourth Amendment, which protects people against unreasonable searches and seizures. The decision aimed to prevent abuse by law enforcement.49. Engel v. Vitale – the Supreme Court ruled that it is unconstitutional for public schools to hold official prayers, even if they are non-denominational. The decision was based on the First Amendment’s separation of church and state. It emphasized that public schools must remain neutral in religious matters.50. Tinker v. Des Moines – this case involved students who wore black armbands to protest the Vietnam War and were suspended. The Supreme Court ruled that students do not lose their First Amendment rights at school. It protected symbolic speech as long as it doesn’t disrupt learning.
