Temperature – Increasing temperature gives particles more energy, causing more frequent and faster collisions.Concentration – A higher concentration of reactants means more particles are available to collide, speeding up the reaction.Surface Area – When reactants are in smaller pieces (like powder), they expose more surface area for collisions.Catalyst – A catalyst speeds up the reaction without being consumed. It lowers the activation energy needed.Pressure – For gases, increasing pressure pushes particles closer together, increasing collision frequency.