Predation (by wolves)Since wolf numbers fluctuate and impact moose populations, predation is a clear limiting factor. More wolves mean more moose are hunted, reducing their numbers.Food availabilityIf the moose population grows too large, they may overgraze their food sources (like shrubs and trees), leading to starvation or poor health.Disease or ParasitesIn closely monitored ecosystems like Isle Royale, disease and parasites can also limit populations, especially if the moose become stressed due to food shortages or overpopulation.