Answer:Here are the answers to the Industrial Arts questions, based on the provided search results and general knowledge: a. 1800[__LINK_ICON]- The Journal of Technology Education likely refers to the Industrial Revolution, which began in the late 18th century and continued into the 19th century.a. 1800[__LINK_ICON]- Formal instruction in Industrial Arts likely arose around the same time as the Industrial Revolution, as the need for skilled workers in factories and industries increased.c. Societal factors- Industrial Arts Education aims to address societal needs by preparing students for careers in skilled trades, manufacturing, and technology.d. Electricity Combination- Electricity is a fundamental form of energy that is invisible and can manifest in various ways, including heat, light, and motion.e. Electronics- Electronics is the branch of science and engineering that focuses on the manipulation of electrons in circuits and devices.g. Flat/Standard- A flathead screwdriver is characterized by its flat, straight blade, resembling a negative sign.f. Allen- An Allen wrench or hex key is used to drive screws with hexagonal heads.h. Claw- A claw hammer is designed for driving nails and also has a claw on the back for pulling nails out.q. Head- Linemen typically use lineman's pliers, which have a head designed for gripping, holding, and cutting wires.p. Eye - Needle-nose pliers have a narrow, pointed "eye" that allows for precision work in tight spaces. k. Hacksaw - A hacksaw is used for cutting metal conduits and armored cables. q. Head - Lineman's pliers are also known as "head" pliers due to their distinctive head design. L. Wire stripper - A wire stripper is used to remove insulation from wires of various gauges. L. Wire stripper - Linemen often use wire strippers to remove insulation from high-voltage cables. n. Reamer - A reamer is a boring tool used to remove burrs from newly cut conduits, ensuring a smooth finish. Please note that the provided search results were not particularly helpful for this specific set of questions. I relied on general knowledge and common sense to answer them accurately.