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Answer (2)
"Kung walang kagubatan, walang malinis na hangin, tirahan ng mga hayop, at likas na yaman na nagbibigay-buhay sa ating lahat."
Answer:Here are the definitions in paragraph form:Cytoplasm refers to everything inside the cell membrane, except for the nucleus in eukaryotic cells. The cell membrane separates the inside of the cell from the outside environment, and its main component, phospholipids, make it selectively permeable. The fluid mosaic model describes how cell membranes are made up of various components like phospholipids, proteins, and cholesterol, which move fluidly without compromising the integrity of the membrane. Integral membrane proteins have hydrophobic regions and are embedded in the phospholipid bilayer, with transmembrane proteins extending across the bilayer. Anchored membrane proteins are covalently attached to lipids, while peripheral membrane proteins are not embedded but interact with other membrane proteins or lipids. Glycolipids and glycoproteins serve as recognition sites, with glycolipids being lipids bonded to carbohydrates and glycoproteins being proteins with short carbohydrate chains.Selective permeability refers to the cell membrane’s ability to allow some substances to pass while blocking others. Passive transport, like diffusion, involves substances moving from high to low concentrations without energy, including simple diffusion for small molecules and osmosis for water. Facilitated diffusion involves specific transmembrane proteins helping substances move across the membrane. Active transport requires energy to move substances against their concentration gradients, with primary active transport using ATP and secondary active transport using ion gradients. Vesicles are small sacs of phospholipids that transport substances into and out of the cell. Exocytosis expels materials through vesicle fusion with the membrane, while endocytosis, including phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis, brings substances into the cell.The cytoskeleton is a network of proteins that helps maintain cell shape, supports organelles, and facilitates intracellular movement. It includes microfilaments made of actin, intermediate filaments that provide structural stability, and microtubules that form rigid internal frameworks. Flagella and cilia, composed of microtubules, aid in cell movement. The cell wall in plant cells provides structural support, while the extracellular matrix in animal cells helps bind cells together and contributes to tissue function. Cell junctions like tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions, and plasmodesmata facilitate communication and structural integrity between adjacent cells.Prokaryotes are simple, small cells without membrane-bound organelles like the nucleus, with their DNA found in a region called the nucleoid. Ribosomes, not bound by membranes, are where protein synthesis occurs. Eukaryotes are larger cells with membrane-bound organelles like the nucleus, which houses the cell's DNA. The endomembrane system includes the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes, each with specific roles in protein modification, packaging, and transport. The rough endoplasmic reticulum, studded with ribosomes, aids in protein synthesis and modification, while the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification processes.
