Answer:Modernization refers to the process of transforming societies, economies, and technologies to reflect contemporary values, practices, and advancements. It often involves the shift from agrarian societies to industrialized and urbanized environments, enhancing productivity and living standards. This process includes adopting new technologies, improving infrastructure, and reforming social and political institutions to better meet current needs. Modernization can also provoke cultural shifts and changes in social structures as traditional practices adapt to new realities.