Trace the development of science and technology from the pre-colonial times up to
present.
Answer (1)
Answer:Here's a comprehensive overview of the development of science and technology in the Philippines from pre-colonial times to present:*Pre-Colonial Period (before 1521)*1. Indigenous knowledge: Filipinos possessed knowledge on agriculture, fishing, and natural remedies.2. Astronomy: Ancient Filipinos recognized constellations and celestial events.3. Mathematics: Used basic arithmetic for trade and commerce.4. Architecture: Built structures like rice terraces and wooden houses.*Spanish Colonial Period (1521-1898)*1. Introduction of Western science: Spanish colonizers brought Christianity, mathematics, astronomy, and medicine.2. Establishment of schools: Universidad de Santo Tomás (1611) and other institutions promoted education.3. Scientific expeditions: Spanish explorers documented Philippine flora and fauna.4. Infrastructure development: Roads, bridges, and buildings constructed.*American Colonial Period (1898-1946)*1. Modernization of education: American-style schools and universities emerged.2. Scientific research: Focus on agriculture, forestry, and mining.3. Public health: Improvement of sanitation, vaccination programs, and hospitals.4. Infrastructure development: Expansion of roads, railways, and telecommunications.*Post-War Period (1946-1986)*1. National Science Development Board (NSDB) established (1958).2. Space research: Philippines launched its first satellite, Agila-1 (1996).3. Nuclear research: Philippine Nuclear Research Institute (PNRI) founded (1958).4. Information technology: Introduction of computers and software development.*Contemporary Period (1986-present)*1. Science and Technology (S&T) Plan: Government's strategic plan for S&T development.2. Research and development: Focus on biotechnology, nanotechnology, and renewable energy.3. IT and BPO industry growth: Philippines became a global outsourcing hub.4. Space program: Re-established with the Philippine Space Agency (PSA) in 2019.5. Disaster risk reduction: Use of science and technology for disaster mitigation and response.Notable Filipino scientists and their contributions:1. Dr. Jose Rizal (1861-1896): Ophthalmologist, writer, and national hero.2. Dr. Fe del Mundo (1911-2011): Pediatrician and first female National Scientist.3. Dr. Dioscoro Umali (1917-1998): Pioneer in Philippine science and technology.4. Dr. Ernesto Domingo (1933-2020): Cardiologist and medical researcher.Challenges and opportunities:1. Brain drain: Filipino scientists migrating abroad.2. Limited funding: Insufficient government support for S&T research.3. Innovation hubs: Establishing centers for entrepreneurship and innovation.4. International collaboration: Partnering with global S&T communities.The Philippines continues to strive for scientific excellence, addressing local and global challenges through innovation and research.Sources:1. Department of Science and Technology (DOST)2. National Academy of Science and Technology (NAST)3. Philippine Science High School (PSHS)4. Various scientific journals and publications
