1. Substance: Matter with a definite composition and distinct properties.2. Mixture: A physical combination of two or more substances, maintaining their individual properties.3. Element: A pure substance that cannot be broken down chemically; basic building block of matter.4. Compound: A substance formed from two or more elements chemically bonded in fixed proportions.5. Bases: Substances that accept protons or donate electron pairs, increasing hydroxide ions in solution.