1. Explain how temperature influences the solubility of a solute in a solvent. Why does warm waterdissolve more solute compared to cold water?2. What defines a saturated solution? Describe the conditions under which a solution is considered.saturated.3. Explain the difference between a saturated solution, an unsaturated solution, and a supersaturatedsolution. Provide examples for each.
Answer (1)
Answer:1. The Influence of Temperature on SolubilityTemperature significantly impacts the solubility of a solute in a solvent, particularly in the case of solids dissolving in liquids. Generally, as temperature increases, the solubility of solid solutes in water also increases. This phenomenon occurs because higher temperatures provide more kinetic energy to the molecules involved. In warm water, solute molecules gain this energy, enabling them to overcome the attractive forces that hold them together. Consequently, they disperse and interact more effectively with the solvent molecules, resulting in a greater amount of solute dissolving in warm water than in cold water.For example, sugar dissolves more readily in hot water than in cold water. This is why recipes often call for warm water when dissolving sugar to ensure a homogeneous mixture.2. Defining a Saturated SolutionA saturated solution is one where the maximum amount of solute has been dissolved in a solvent at a given temperature and pressure. At this point, the solution cannot dissolve any more solute under the existing conditions; any additional solute will remain undissolved. For a solution to be considered saturated, the solute must be in dynamic equilibrium with the undissolved solute—that is, the rate at which solute particles enter solution is equal to the rate at which they leave.3.Types of Solutions: Saturated, Unsaturated, and SupersaturatedSaturated Solution: In a saturated solution, the solvent contains the maximum concentration of solute that can dissolve at a specific temperature. An example is a solution of salt in water where no more salt will dissolve once it reaches saturation. If you add more salt, it will settle at the bottom of the container.Unsaturated Solution: An unsaturated solution contains less solute than it has the capacity to dissolve at a given temperature. This means that if you add more solute, it will continue to dissolve. For instance, mixing sugar into cold water can lead to an unsaturated solution as long as the concentration is below the solubility limit at that temperature.Supersaturated Solution: A supersaturated solution contains more dissolved solute than would typically be expected at a certain temperature and pressure. This occurs through careful heating and then slowly cooling a saturated solution, allowing it to hold more solute than normally possible. An example is a solution of sugar that has been heated, dissolved, and then allowed to cool without allowing the excess sugar to crystallize out. Supersaturated solutions are unstable; disturbing them may cause the excess solute to precipitate rapidly.
