What task are expected of each developmental stages?
Answer (1)
Answer:Developmental Tasks Across the Lifespan This response will delve into the expected tasks of each developmental stage, drawing upon the provided search results to offer a comprehensive overview. We'll explore these tasks as outlined by various developmental theorists, highlighting their significance and the potential consequences of success or failure in meeting them. The Concept of Developmental Tasks Developmental tasks are specific skills and abilities that individuals are expected to acquire or master during different stages of their development. These tasks are influenced by both biological maturation and social expectations, and their successful completion contributes to overall well-being and preparedness for future challenges. [1] Robert Havighurst, a prominent figure in developmental task theory, defined them as "a task which arises at or about a certain period in the life of an individual, successful achievement of which leads to his happiness and to the success with later tasks, while failure leads to unhappiness in the individual, disapproval by society and difficulty with later tasks." [4] Stages of Development and Associated Tasks 1. Infancy and Early Childhood (0-5 years) This period is marked by rapid physical, cognitive, and social development. The primary tasks include: - Developing Trust: Establishing a sense of security and confidence in the world, often through consistent caregiving and responsive interactions. [1]- Developing Autonomy: Gaining independence and self-reliance through exploration, decision-making, and asserting their own needs. [1]- Developing Initiative: Taking on new challenges, exploring their interests, and developing a sense of purpose. [1]- Developing Language: Acquiring language skills, including understanding and producing words, phrases, and sentences. [2]- Developing Motor Skills: Mastering basic motor skills, such as crawling, walking, and manipulating objects. [3]- Developing Emotional Regulation: Learning to manage and express emotions in appropriate ways, such as self-soothing and coping with frustration. [4] 2. Middle Childhood (6-12 years) This stage focuses on expanding social skills, academic learning, and developing a sense of responsibility. Key tasks include: - Developing Industry: Achieving a sense of competence and accomplishment through academic pursuits, hobbies, and social interactions. [2]- Developing Social Skills: Learning to navigate social situations, build relationships, and cooperate with peers. [1]- Developing Moral Reasoning: Developing a sense of right and wrong, understanding rules and consequences, and forming personal values. [4]- Developing Academic Skills: Mastering basic academic skills, such as reading, writing, and arithmetic. [2]- Developing Self-Esteem: Building a positive self-image and sense of worth through achievements, social connections, and personal strengths. [4] 3. Adolescence (13-17 years) This period is characterized by rapid physical changes, identity exploration, and increasing independence. Key tasks include: - Developing Identity: Forming a sense of self, exploring values, beliefs, and interests, and establishing a personal identity. [2]- Developing Intimacy: Building close and meaningful relationships with peers, romantic partners, and family members. [2]- Developing Independence: Separating from parents, making decisions, and taking responsibility for their own choices. [1]- Developing Career Exploration: Exploring career options, developing skills, and making plans for future education or employment. [4]- Developing Moral Values: Refining personal values and ethics, developing a sense of social justice, and making ethical decisions. [4] 4. Early Adulthood (18-25 years) This stage focuses on establishing independence, building relationships, and pursuing career goals. Key tasks include: - Establishing Independence: Achieving financial stability, living independently, and making independent decisions. [2]- Developing Intimate Relationships: Forming committed relationships, na
